GI Bleeding

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to the presence of bleeding in any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the rectum. It is a serious medical condition that can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause and the amount of blood loss. GI bleeding can be classified into upper GI bleeding, which originates from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, and lower GI bleeding, which occurs in the colon or rectum.

The symptoms of GI bleeding vary depending on the location and severity of the bleeding. Upper GI bleeding often presents with symptoms such as hematemesis (vomiting blood), melena (black, tarry stools), or hematochezia (bright red blood in the stool). Lower GI bleeding typically manifests as hematochezia, although in some cases, it may present with melena if the blood has traveled through the entire digestive tract.

The causes of GI bleeding are diverse and can include peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, colorectal polyps, hemorrhoids, or tumors. Trauma, certain medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or blood thinners, and vascular abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can also lead to GI bleeding.

Diagnosing GI bleeding involves a thorough medical history review, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. These tests may include blood tests to check for anemia or coagulation disorders, imaging studies such as upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, or imaging scans like CT angiography, and sometimes specialized procedures like capsule endoscopy or angiography.

Treatment for GI bleeding depends on the cause, location, and severity of the bleeding. It may include medications to reduce stomach acid, endoscopic interventions to stop bleeding lesions or remove polyps, blood transfusions to replace lost blood, or in severe cases, surgical intervention. Close monitoring and follow-up care are essential to manage GI bleeding effectively and prevent complications such as anemia or recurrent bleeding episodes.